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The Amur and Ussuri regions are today perceived as part of Russia. However, back in the 19th century, these lands belonged to the Chinese Empire—and they changed their flag not because of war, but because of blackmail. Akim Galimov, founder of the "Real History" project explained how exactly this happened and the role Ukrainians played in the colonization of these lands. He found out how Russia took the Far East from China. According to him, at the end of the 19th century, the Chinese Empire was experiencing one of the most severe crises in its history. The First Opium War had exhausted the country and demoralized the government. Russia chose this very moment to make "territorial proposals."
"Russia wouldn’t be Russia if it hadn’t taken advantage of a neighboring country’s weakness and grabbed a chunk of its territory. The Russians didn’t enter the Opium War; they simply approached the Chinese emperor and offered to voluntarily hand over a sizeable chunk of territory. The Russian ambassador hinted that otherwise, Russia could take what it wanted by force," Galimov explains. The Chinese ruler, realizing that the state could not withstand another front, agreed. The left bank of the Amur and the Ussuri region—a total area of approximately 1.5 million square kilometers—became the property of what was then St. Petersburg. For comparison, this is larger than the area of modern-day Ukraine and France combined. Annexing the territory was only half the battle. Without a population, it was impossible to hold such vast territories. But few Russians were willing to venture thousands of kilometers into the unknown.
In 1882, Dmitry Anuchin, Governor-General of Eastern Siberia, developed a plan for accelerated colonization, under which the state would cover the cost of sea transport for settlers. Odessa became the main port of departure. The proposal resonated primarily with Ukrainian peasants—those who had just emerged from serfdom and were left with virtually nothing after the reforms. The conditions for resettlement were truly exceptional for the time.
"The authorities promised free travel from Odessa to Vladivostok and about 100 dessiatines of land per family on the spot. This was an incredible luxury for a Ukrainian peasant. There were also additional benefits: 10 years of exemption from military service, 20 years from land tax, and livestock and farm equipment as a gift," says Akim Galimov.
One hundred dessiatines of land is over 100 hectares. For a man who had just emerged from serfdom and had nothing, such an offer represented a real chance to survive and feed his family.
This wave of migration resulted in the emergence of massive Ukrainian settlements on former Chinese lands. People from Chernihiv, Poltava, and Kyiv regions settled in the Amur and Ussuri regions—territories reclaimed by St. Petersburg from Beijing without firing a shot. Russia and China share a 4,200 km border, with most disputes settled by a 2004 agreement that divided territories like Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island. While formally resolved, 2023 Chinese mapping initiatives and economic, agricultural, or demographic shifts in Russia’s Far East have raised concerns of "creeping annexation" and fueled nationalist desires to reclaim land ceded in the 19th century. Due to the conflict in Ukraine, Russia is increasingly dependent on China, with Chinese businesses leasing large amounts of Siberian and Far Eastern land, leading to concerns about demographic shift. Analysts debate if China is pursuing "slow, steady accretions of effective sovereignty" in Russia’s Far East through economic dominance, rather than direct conflict.
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