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During the mass protests in Iran, authorities may have used Russian electronic warfare systems to jam the Starlink satellite internet service, according to The National Interest journalist Brandon Weichert and pro-Russian Telegram channel author Amir Ali. According to their data, Tehran could be testing new Russian technologies in practice.
Sources disagree on the system’s name. Weichert believes it refers to the experimental Kalinka electronic warfare system , which was developed in Russia and underwent combat testing in late 2024. He claims Iran could have used this prototype to detect and suppress Starlink terminals, and Moscow has now received confirmation that the system is operational. At the same time, Amir Ali writes that another Russian development was used – the Tobol system , possibly in conjunction with the Tirada-2 system . These systems are officially designed to protect satellites and disrupt satellite communications, but their exact capabilities remain classified. The New York Times previously reported that Iran used military-grade equipment to jam GPS signals and satellite internet. Experts believe such technologies were likely developed in Russia or China. The possible use of older Russian electronic warfare systems, such as the Krasukha-4 and Murmansk-BN , which can interfere with satellite communications and navigation, is also being discussed, Euronews reports . The American Institute for the Study of War noted that the Iranian military has been actively developing electronic warfare capabilities since the conflict with Israel, focusing specifically on systems capable of targeting satellites in low orbit. Experts believe Russia may have used the situation in Iran as a testing ground for its technology against Starlink. This is significant given the war and the growing role of satellite internet in modern conflicts and protest movements. Russia and Iran have not officially commented on reports of joint use of electronic warfare systems. However, it is known that Moscow has helped Tehran not only block internet access but also build infrastructure for large-scale communications shutdowns during social unrest.
Media previously reported that Tehran was able to completely shut down the Internet thanks to Russian technology. Recently, Iran experienced one of the largest internet shutdowns in history. In the first half hour after the shutdown, traffic dropped by 90%, and mobile communications were completely paralyzed. This system is based on technology developed with Russian assistance. Iranian authorities have sharply restricted internet access, surpassing the 2019 digital blockade in scale. According to Cloudflare , internet traffic in the country has plummeted by 90% and has not recovered. The Guardian notes the precise nature of the blockade: while civilian users were completely cut off, government websites, banking apps, and the ride-hailing service "Snapp!" continued to function, and gas stations continued to process payments.
According to the Financial Times, the shutdown was simplified by the structure of the national network: Iran has only two access points to the global internet. For ten years, the government has been developing the National Information Network (NIN), which allows it to block civilian access while maintaining government services. At the beginning of the shutdown on January 8, the NIN was temporarily shut down, but was soon restored. Foreign Policy reports that a key element was the network control architecture, created with Russian support and based on deep penetration testing (DPI) technology.
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